Down syndrome

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 Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This results in developmental and intellectual delays. People with Down syndrome often have distinct facial features, such as a flat face and upward-slanting eyes, and may experience health issues like heart defects and thyroid problems.


**Key Points:**

- **Physical Features:** Flat facial profile, short neck, small ears, and almond-shaped eyes.

- **Health Concerns:** Increased risk of heart defects, respiratory issues, hearing problems, and thyroid conditions.

- **Development:** Delays in milestones such as walking and talking; intellectual disability ranges from mild to moderate.


**Causes:**

- An error in cell division results in an extra chromosome 21. Types include Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome.


**Diagnosis:**

- During pregnancy through screening and diagnostic tests, and after birth through physical characteristics and chromosomal analysis.


**Support:**

- Early intervention with therapies, special education, and support from family and medical professionals can help individuals lead fulfilling lives. With proper care, many people with Down syndrome attend school, work, and participate in community activities.

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