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 Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This results in developmental and intellectual delays. People with Down syndrome often have distinct facial features, such as a flat face and upward-slanting eyes, and may experience health issues like heart defects and thyroid problems. **Key Points:** - **Physical Features:** Flat facial profile, short neck, small ears, and almond-shaped eyes. - **Health Concerns:** Increased risk of heart defects, respiratory issues, hearing problems, and thyroid conditions. - **Development:** Delays in milestones such as walking and talking; intellectual disability ranges from mild to moderate. **Causes:** - An error in cell division results in an extra chromosome 21. Types include Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome. **Diagnosis:** - During pregnancy through screening and diagnostic tests, and after birth through physical characteristics and chromosomal analysis. **Support:** - Early in...

Let's start with the first question about the cerebellum. ### 1. Connections & Functions of the Cerebellum #### Connections The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes, has several important connections that facilitate its role in motor control: - **Afferent Connections**: The cerebellum receives input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex.   - **Spinal Cord**: The spinocerebellar tracts bring proprioceptive information from muscles and joints.   - **Brainstem**: Vestibulocerebellar tracts bring information from the vestibular nuclei, related to balance.   - **Cerebral Cortex**: The cerebrocerebellar pathway involves the cerebral cortex sending information via the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum, which helps in planning and initiating movements. - **Efferent Connections**: The cerebellum sends output to the cerebral cortex and brainstem.   - **Cerebrocerebellar Output**: The dentate nucleus projects to the thalamus...

 Sure, let's go through each topic one by one: ### Endocrine System #### 1. Enumerate the hormones of the pituitary gland. Add a note on Growth Hormone. **Hormones of the Pituitary Gland:** - **Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis):**   1. Growth Hormone (GH)   2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)   3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)   4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)   5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)   6. Prolactin (PRL) - **Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis):**   1. Oxytocin   2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin **Note on Growth Hormone (GH):** Growth Hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important for human development. GH also has significant effects on metabolism. #### 2. Thyroid hormone – secretion, regulation & functions, and applied aspects **Secretion:** Thyroid hormones are primarily T3 (tri...

 ## General Physiology ### Long Answer Questions 1. **Transport Mechanisms Across the Cell Membrane**    The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a dynamic structure that plays a crucial role in controlling the movement of substances in and out of cells. The various mechanisms of transport include:    - **Passive Transport**:      - **Simple Diffusion**: Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration directly through the lipid bilayer. This process does not require energy. Examples include the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.      - **Facilitated Diffusion**: Utilizes specific transport proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient. These proteins include channel proteins and carrier proteins. An example is the glucose transport into cells.      - **Osmosis**: A specific type of passive transport involving the movement of water molecules through a selectiv...