SAQ physiology

 

Q 2 Brief answer questions (Any Ten out of Eleven)

(10x2=20)

a) Define osmosis with two examples

b) Enumerate the clinical features of cerebellum damage.

c) List the major processes that bring about the transport of substances across the cell membranes.

d) Name the different body fluid compartments in the human body. List the ways in which their volumes can be measured.

e) Give physio-clinical classification of nerve fibers.

f) List the different stages of erythropoiesisis

g) Enumerate the sensation carried by dorsa! column pathway

h) Give examples of homeostatic mechanisms

i) Draw a well labeled diagram of pathway for slow pain.

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j) Mention properties of mixed nerves.

k) Give the different types of synaptic classification with examples

Sure, here are brief answers to ten out of the eleven questions:

a) Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Examples include water movement in plant roots and the movement of water into red blood cells.

b) Clinical features of cerebellum damage include incoordination, tremors, difficulty with balance, and issues with voluntary movements.

c) Processes facilitating substance transport across cell membranes include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

d) Different body fluid compartments are intracellular fluid (inside cells) and extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and plasma). Their volumes can be measured through techniques like dilution methods, imaging, and analysis of bodily fluids.

e) Physio-clinical classification of nerve fibers includes A fibers (large, myelinated fibers for rapid transmission, e.g., sensory neurons), B fibers (small, myelinated fibers), and C fibers (small, unmyelinated fibers for slower transmission, e.g., pain fibers).

f) Stages of erythropoiesis involve hematopoietic stem cells, erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and finally, mature red blood cells.

g) Sensations carried by the dorsal column pathway include proprioception, vibration, and fine touch.

h) Examples of homeostatic mechanisms include thermoregulation, maintaining blood glucose levels, and regulating blood pressure.

j) Properties of mixed nerves include containing both sensory and motor fibers, allowing bidirectional transmission, and often comprising various types of nerve fibers.

k) Synaptic classifications include axodendritic (axon to dendrite), axosomatic (axon to cell body), and axoaxonic (axon to another axon) synapses. Examples include neuromuscular junctions (axosomatic) and synapses in the brain (axodendritic).