Biochemistry pct

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  • Function of ribosomes 




  • Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes are primarily

 responsible for assembling amino acids into proteins based on the instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA).


  • Cellular Growth and Maintenance: They play a vital role in cell growth and repair by synthesizing proteins necessary for these processes.


  • Enzyme Production: Ribosomes produce enzymes that are crucial for various biochemical reactions within cells.


  • Regulation of Gene Expression: They control the rate of protein synthesis, thereby regulating gene expression and the overall functioning of the cell.


  • What  are types and 5 function of endoplasmic reticulum ?



The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has two types: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).


  • Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum include:


  1. Protein synthesis and processing (RER)
  2. Lipid metabolism (SER)
  3. Calcium storage and release (SER)
  4. Detoxification of drugs and toxins (SER)
  5. Formation of transport vesicles for proteins and lipids (both RER a SER)


  • What are the major chemical constituents of biological membrane.?
  • Biological membranes primarily consist of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. 




  • Give 5 functions of mitochondria.

Sure, mitochondria have several key functions:


  1. ATP Production: They generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell.
  2. Cellular Respiration: Mitochondria facilitate the process of aerobic respiration, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.
  3. Calcium Regulation: They help regulate calcium levels in cells, which is crucial for various cellular processes.
  4. Apoptosis (Cell Death): Mitochondria play a role in apoptosis, the programmed cell death necessary for the body's development and removal of damaged cells.
  5. Heme Synthesis: They participate in the synthesis of heme, a component of hemoglobin essential for oxygen transport in red blood cells.




  • Name three diseases due altered lysosmal function.


  1. Tay-Sachs disease: This is a genetic disorder where a specific enzyme, hexosaminidase A, is deficient, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances in the brain's nerve cells.
  2. Gaucher's disease: It's caused by the deficiency of an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase, resulting in the accumulation of a fatty substance in cells, particularly in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
  3. Niemann-Pick disease: This is a group of inherited metabolic disorders where there's a problem with the metabolism of lipids, causing the accumulation of lipids, particularly in the spleen, liver, and brain.












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